學習：外顯記憶(explicit memory)

這篇是就外顯記憶(explicit memory) 的閱讀筆記整理。

實用資訊

• 心理壓力不利於形成、回想外顯記憶。
• 質量優良的睡眠對外顯記憶有助益；一說是睡眠對統整外顯記憶有幫助，另一說 主張睡眠並不直接幫助統整外顯記憶，但塑造了心靈上寧靜而適合外顯記憶形成 的環境。
• 以多樣化方式使用記憶，會記得更牢。
• 在相似的情境中，更容易想起記憶。
• 從神經心理學的角度來看，記憶是一個自動、不需主動意識的過程（但記憶的深 淺取決於記憶編碼的方式）。

心得感想

• 「死背」是下策，應以「活用、應用」為主。

延伸閱讀

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(biology)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing_effect
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_specificity_principle
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Cognitive_control_and_memory
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Memory
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_curve
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Memory_processes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_memory

the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences and concepts.

Types

episodic memory: memory of experiences and specific events that occur during our lives

semantic memory: general world knowledge (facts, ideas, meaning and concepts) that can be articulated and is independent of personal experience

autobiographical memory: a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic and semantic memory

spatial memory: memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and its spatial orientation

Neuropsychology

Specific episodes are made easier to remember and recall by repeatedly exposing oneself to them (which strengthens the links in the memory space) allowing for faster retrieval when remembering

remembering is an automatic process

Factors that affect declarative memory

Stress may have an effect on the recall of declarative memories.

Consolidation during sleep

It is believed that sleep plays an active role in consolidation of declarative memory

The view that sleep plays an active role in declarative memory consolidation is not shared by all researchers. ... sleep actively protects declarative memory from associative interference

More research is needed to make a definite statement whether sleep creates favourable conditions for consolidation or it actively enhances declarative memory consolidation

Encoding and retrieval

To create explicit memories, you have to do something with your experiences: think about them, talk about them, write them down, study them, etc. The more you do, the better you will remember.

The conditions in which information is memorized can affect recall. If a person has the same surroundings or cues when the original information is presented, they are more likely to remember it